the prince illustrated edition niccolò machiavelli

He modified the silver purity of the Roman currency, the denarius. Marcus defeated the Marcomanni, Quadi, and Sarmatian Iazyges in the Marcomannic Wars however, these and other Germanic peoples began to represent a troubling reality for the Empire. In the East, the Romans fought successfully with a revitalized Parthian Empire and the rebel Kingdom of Armenia. Under his rule the Roman Empire witnessed heavy military conflict. He married Antoninus' daughter Faustina in 145.Īfter Antoninus died in 161, Marcus Aurelius acceded to the throne alongside his adoptive brother, who reigned under the name Lucius Verus. Now heir to the throne, Marcus studied Greek and Latin under tutors such as Herodes Atticus and Marcus Cornelius Fronto. Hadrian died that year, and Antoninus became emperor.

In turn, Antoninus adopted Marcus and Lucius, the son of Aelius.

After Hadrian's adoptive son, Aelius Caesar, died in 138, the emperor adopted Marcus's uncle Antoninus Pius as his new heir. His father died when he was three, and he was raised by his mother and paternal grandfather. Marcus Aurelius was born during the reign of Hadrian to the emperor's nephew, the praetor Marcus Annius Verus, and the heiress Domitia Calvilla.

He served as Roman consul in 140, 145, and 161. He was the last of the rulers known, noncontemporaneously, as the Five Good Emperors and the last emperor of the Pax Romana, an age of relative peace, calmness and stability for the Roman Empire lasting from 27 BC to 180 AD. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus ( Latin: English: / ɔː ˈ r iː l i ə s/ aw- REE-lee-əs 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 AD and a Stoic philosopher.

The prince illustrated edition niccolò machiavelli